1 Temmuz 2021 Perşembe

Tenyalar Nedir?

Temnothorax nylanderi , Batı Avrupa'daki ormanlık alanlarda bulunan küçük bir karınca türüdür. Koloniler, ağaç kabuğunda yaşar veya dal veya meşe palamudu gibi küçük boşluklarda yaprak döküntülerinde bulunur. Koloni larvaları ile enfekte olup olmadığını hem işçi ve kraliçelerin özellikleri ile Intercaste karıncalar, yaygın ve sayısındaki artış olan tenya, Anomotaenia brevis . Anomotaenia brevis Bir yetişkin olarak, bu tenya bir ağaçkakanın bağırsağında yaşar. Kuş dışkısı ile dökülen yumurtaları T. nylanderi toplayıcı karıncalar tarafından alınır ve koloninin larvalarına beslenirse yaşam döngüsü devam eder. Parazitler yumurtadan çıkar, larvanın bağırsağını deler ve vücut boşluğunda gelişir. Enfekte bir karınca başka bir ağaçkakan tarafından yenirse, tenyanın yaşam döngüsü tamamlanır. Avrupa yeşil ağaçkakan ( Picus viridis ) dişi. Kaynak: Wikipedia, Sharp Photography'den fotoğraf, sharpphotography Görünüşte, ağaçkakandan karıncaya ve tekrar geriye bulaşma pek olası görünmüyor. Bununla birlikte, karmaşık yaşam döngüleri olan diğer parazitlerle ortak olarak, bu ara konakçı, yaşam öyküsü özelliklerinde, bulaşma olasılığını artırabilecek değişiklikler yaşar. Mainz Johannes Gutenberg Üniversitesi'nden Sarah Beros ve meslektaşları, bu tenya enfeksiyonunun bu ağaç karıncalarının yaşam öyküsü özellikleri üzerindeki etkisini araştırıyorlar ve bulgularını bildiren bir dizi makale yayınladılar. Enfekte işçiler morfolojik değişiklikler sergiler ve bir kraliçenin yokluğunda yumurtalıklar geliştirebilir . Bu parazitli karıncalar, kimyasal olarak parazitsiz işçilerden farklı olmalarına rağmen yuva arkadaşları tarafından tolere edilir ve dahası, daha sık beslenirler. 2015 yılında grup , bir kolonide enfekte olmuş bireylerin varlığının kolonideki tüm işçiler üzerinde derin bir etkisi olduğunu bildirdi . Parazitli bir yuvada, enfekte olmayan işçiler daha az agresif hale geldi ve uzun ömürlülükte bir düşüş sergiledi, buna karşın enfekte karıncalar, daha az uçuş tepkisi gösterdi ve yaşlandıkça ve daha uzun süre hayatta kaldıkça yiyecek aramada yer almıyorlar. Bu bulguları 2015 yılında bir BugBitten blogunda tartıştım . Bu araştırma grubu yakın zamanda , bu tenyanın tüm koloninin yaşamına uzun süre ulaştığını gösteren başka bulgular bildirmiştir . Yeni araştırmalar: hayatta kalma Üç yıllık bir süre içinde, laboratuvarda yumurtadan yeni çıkmış (calows), hemşireler (kuluçka bakımı yapan genç işçi karıncalar), parazitli ve parazitsiz kolonilerden toplayıcılar ve kraliçeler (toplam 57) gözlemlendi. Enfekte karıncalar, pigmentsiz kütiküllerinden tanınabilir. Her koloniden birkaç kişi tel ile işaretlendi ve hayatta kalmaları izlendi. Üç yılın sonunda kolonilerin %21'i ölmüştü. Hayatta kalan parazitli kolonilerde, parazitli olmayan tüm işaretli işçiler öldü, parazitli olanların yarısından biraz fazlası hayatta kaldı. Parazitlenmemiş kolonilerde hemşirelerin hiçbiri ve işaretli toplayıcıların sadece %2'si hayatta kaldı. Bu, enfeksiyondan kaynaklanan yaşam süresindeki dikkate değer uzamayı doğruladı. Metabolik hız ve diğer karşılaştırmalar 14 parazitli ve 14 parazitsiz yeni koloniyi inceleyen araştırmacılar, kraliçelerin en düşük metabolik hıza ve parazitsiz toplayıcıların en yüksek seviyeye sahip olduğunu buldular. Enfekte işçiler, hemşirelerle benzer metabolik hızlara sahipti, yani ana arılar ve toplayıcılar arasında. Şaşırtıcı olmayan bir şekilde, kraliçeler diğer tüm karıncalardan çok daha büyük bir vücut kütlesine sahipti ve bu durumda, parazitlenmiş işçiler ile parazitlenmemiş hemşireler ve yiyecek toplayıcılar arasında vücut kütlesi açısından hiçbir fark yoktu. Parazitlenmemiş hemşireler açık ara en yüksek lipid içeriğine sahipken, parazitlenmiş işçilerin lipid içeriği toplayıcılar ve kraliçeler arasında düşmüştür. Temnothorax nylanderi işçileri ve larvaları. Kaynak: Antwiki, Matt Hamer'ın fotoğrafı. Parazitlenmemiş kolonilerde, kraliçe hemşirelerden daha fazla sosyal bakım aldı ve hemşireler toplayıcılardan daha fazla bakım gördü. Ancak parazitli kolonilerde, enfekte olmuş işçiler kraliçelerden daha fazla bakım gördü. Bu ilave dikkatin, parazitli veya parazitsiz kuluçka işçileri tarafından verilen, kütikül hidrokarbonlarla kaplı cam boncuklara yuva arkadaşlarının tepkilerinin ölçülmesiyle gösterildiği gibi, muhtemelen enfekte olmuş işçilerden çıkan kimyasal ipuçlarıyla ilgili olması muhtemeldir. Parazitli yuva arkadaşlarından gelen kütiküler hidrokarbonlara parazitlenmemiş olanlara göre daha fazla dikkat edildi. Bunun belirli bir hidrokarbondaki veya genel profildeki bir değişiklikten mi kaynaklandığı veya bu değişikliğin nasıl elde edildiği açık değildir. Perspektifte uzun ömür Enfekte işçilerde görülen uzun ömürlülükteki kayda değer artış, parazitleşmenin hiç de alışılmadık bir sonucu değildir. Örneğin, laboratuvarımdaki çalışma, sıçan tenya larvaları ile enfekte olan böceklerin uzun ömürlülüğünde oldukça önemli bir artış olduğunu gösterdi. Bu etkiye, doğurganlıkta bir azalma eşlik etti ve bu, bir kaynak takasının meydana geldiğini düşündürdü. Ancak bu ağaçkakan tenyası/karınca derneğinde durum böyle değildir. Grubun önceki çalışmaları, parazitli bir koloniden kraliçe arı çıkarılırsa, parazitli işçilerin en hızlı şekilde yumurtalık geliştirerek tepki verdiğini göstermiştir. Bunun yerine, artan uzun ömürleri, muhtemelen parazitlenmemiş yuva arkadaşları pahasına, parazitli işçilerin aldığı ekstra bakım nedeniyle olabilir mi?

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